Difference between revisions of "BrauerStates"

	BrauerStates
	Produces all Brauer states
Other toolboxes required	none
Related functions	MaxEntangled
Function category	Special states, vectors, and operators

Latest revision as of 17:25, 12 November 2014

BrauerStates is a function that returns all "Brauer" states: state that are the $p$-fold tensor product of the standard pure maximally-entangled state. Note that there are $(2p)!/(p!\cdot 2^p)$ such states, since this is the number of ways of choose $p$ pairs out of $2p$ objects (here, each pair corresponds to two subsystems that are maximally-entangled). Note that the states returned are unnormalized (i.e., all of their entries are 0 or 1, rather than being scaled so that the norm of each state is 1) and sparse.

Brauer states are interesting because they span the subspace that is invariant under the action of $X^{\otimes 2p}$ for every real orthogonal matrix $X$.

Syntax

B = BrauerStates(D,P)

Argument descriptions

D: The dimension of each local subsystem.
P: Half of the number of parties (i.e., the states that this function computes will live in $(\mathbb{C}^D)^{\otimes 2P}$).

Examples

Four-qubit Brauer States

The following code generates a matrix whose columns are all Brauer states on 4 qubits:

>> full(BrauerStates(2,2))

ans =

     1     1     1
     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     1     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     1     0
     0     0     1
     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     0     1
     0     1     0
     0     0     0
     1     0     0
     0     0     0
     0     0     0
     1     1     1

Indeed, the first column of the output above is the state that is maximally-entangled between qubits 1 and 2, and maximally-entangled between qubits 3 and 4. The second column is the state that is maximally-entangled between qubits 1 and 3 and between qubits 2 and 4. Finally, the third column is the state that is maximally-entangled between qubits 1 and 4 and between qubits 2 and 3.

Notes

In general, the output of this function will be a $N^{2P}$-by-$(2P)!/(P!\cdot 2^P)$ matrix.

The term "Brauer state" is not standard: it is used here because these states encode the Brauer algebra's relationship with the orthogonal group in the natural way.

Source code

Click here to view this function's source code on github.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |rel=[[MaxEntangled]]
 |cat=[[List of functions#Special_states,_vectors,_and_operators|Special states, vectors, and operators]]
-|upd=November 6, 2014
+|upd=November 12, 2014
-|v=0.50}}
+|v=0.51}}
-<tt>'''BrauerStates'''</tt> is a [[List of functions|function]] that returns all "Brauer" states: state that are the $k$-fold tensor product of the [[MaxEntangled|standard pure maximally-entangled state]]. Note that there are $(2k)!/(k!\cdot 2^k)$ such states, since this is the number of ways of choose $k$ pairs out of $2k$ objects (here, each pair corresponds to two subsystems that are maximally-entangled). Note that the states returned are unnormalized (i.e., all of their entries are 0 or 1, rather than being scaled so that the norm of each state is 1) and sparse.
+<tt>'''BrauerStates'''</tt> is a [[List of functions|function]] that returns all "Brauer" states: state that are the $p$-fold tensor product of the [[MaxEntangled|standard pure maximally-entangled state]]. Note that there are $(2p)!/(p!\cdot 2^p)$ such states, since this is the number of ways of choose $p$ pairs out of $2p$ objects (here, each pair corresponds to two subsystems that are maximally-entangled). Note that the states returned are unnormalized (i.e., all of their entries are 0 or 1, rather than being scaled so that the norm of each state is 1) and sparse.
+Brauer states are interesting because they span the subspace that is invariant under the action of $X^{\otimes 2p}$ for every [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_matrix real orthogonal matrix] $X$.
 ==Syntax==
-* <tt>B = BrauerStates(K,N)</tt>
+* <tt>B = BrauerStates(D,P)</tt>
 ==Argument descriptions==
-* <tt>K</tt>: Half of the number of parties (i.e., the states that this function computes will live in $2K$-partite space).
+* <tt>D</tt>: The dimension of each local subsystem.
-* <tt>N</tt>: The dimension of each local subsystem (i.e., the states that this function computes will live in $(\mathbb{C}^N)^{\otimes 2K}$).
+* <tt>P</tt>: Half of the number of parties (i.e., the states that this function computes will live in $(\mathbb{C}^D)^{\otimes 2P}$).
 ==Examples==
@@ Line 41: / Line 43: @@
 </syntaxhighlight>
-Indeed, the first column of the output above the the state that is maximally-entangled between qubits 1 and 2, and maximally-entangled between qubits 3 and 4. The second column is the state that is maximally-entangled between qubits 1 and 3 and between qubits 2 and 4. Finally, the third column is the state that is maximally-entangled between qubits 1 and 4 and between qubits 2 and 3.
+Indeed, the first column of the output above is the state that is maximally-entangled between qubits 1 and 2, and maximally-entangled between qubits 3 and 4. The second column is the state that is maximally-entangled between qubits 1 and 3 and between qubits 2 and 4. Finally, the third column is the state that is maximally-entangled between qubits 1 and 4 and between qubits 2 and 3.
 ==Notes==
-In general, the output of this function will be a $N^{2K}$-by-$(2K)!/(K!\cdot 2^K)$ matrix.
+* In general, the output of this function will be a $N^{2P}$-by-$(2P)!/(P!\cdot 2^P)$ matrix.
+* The term "Brauer state" is not standard: it is used here because these states encode the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer_algebra Brauer algebra's] relationship with the orthogonal group in the natural way.
 {{SourceCode|name=BrauerStates}}